1. Present Tense
A. Simple Present Tense
Structure:
Affirmative: Subject + base verb (s/es for third-person singular) + object
Negative: Subject + do/does not + base verb + object
Interrogative: Do/Does + subject + base verb + object?
Usage:
1. General truths or facts:
The sun rises in the east.
2. Habits and routines:
He drinks coffee every morning.
3. Fixed schedules or timetables:
The train leaves at 6 PM.
4. Instructions or directions:
Open the book to page 10.
B. Present Continuous Tense
Structure:
Affirmative: Subject + is/am/are + verb-ing + object
Negative: Subject + is/am/are + not + verb-ing + object
Interrogative: Is/Am/Are + subject + verb-ing + object?
Usage:
1. Actions happening now:
She is reading a book.
2. Temporary actions:
I am staying with my friend this week.
3. Future plans or arrangements:
We are meeting them at 5 PM.
C. Present Perfect Tense
Structure:
Affirmative: Subject + has/have + past participle + object
Negative: Subject + has/have + not + past participle + object
Interrogative: Has/Have + subject + past participle + object?
Usage:
1. Actions completed at an unspecified time:
I have seen that movie.
2. Actions started in the past but still relevant:
She has worked here for five years.
3. Experience:
Have you ever traveled abroad?
D. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Structure:
Affirmative: Subject + has/have + been + verb-ing + object
Negative: Subject + has/have + not + been + verb-ing + object
Interrogative: Has/Have + subject + been + verb-ing + object?
Usage:
1. Actions started in the past and still continuing:
They have been studying for hours.
2. Recent actions with visible results:
She has been crying (her eyes are red).
2. Past Tense
A. Simple Past Tense
Structure:
Affirmative: Subject + past verb + object
Negative: Subject + did not + base verb + object
Interrogative: Did + subject + base verb + object?
Usage:
1. Completed actions in the past:
She visited Paris last year.
2. Past habits:
He always woke up early.
3. Sequential past actions:
I finished my homework, then I watched TV.
B. Past Continuous Tense
Structure:
Affirmative: Subject + was/were + verb-ing + object
Negative: Subject + was/were + not + verb-ing + object
Interrogative: Was/Were + subject + verb-ing + object?
Usage:
1. Actions in progress at a specific past time:
She was sleeping at 10 PM.
2. Two simultaneous past actions:
I was cooking while he was reading.
3. Interrupted past actions:
She was watching TV when the phone rang.
C. Past Perfect Tense
Structure:
Affirmative: Subject + had + past participle + object
Negative: Subject + had + not + past participle + object
Interrogative: Had + subject + past participle + object?
Usage:
1. An action completed before another past action:
He had finished his work before I arrived.
2. Actions completed before a specific past time:
She had left by 8 AM.
D. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Structure:
Affirmative: Subject + had + been + verb-ing + object
Negative: Subject + had + not + been + verb-ing + object
Interrogative: Had + subject + been + verb-ing + object?
Usage:
1. Actions ongoing before another past action:
They had been playing for two hours before it started raining.
3. Future Tense
A. Simple Future Tense
Structure:
Affirmative: Subject + will/shall + base verb + object
Negative: Subject + will/shall + not + base verb + object
Interrogative: Will/Shall + subject + base verb + object?
Usage:
1. Predictions:
It will rain tomorrow.
2. Spontaneous decisions:
I will call you later.
3. Promises or offers:
I will help you with your work.
B. Future Continuous Tense
Structure:
Affirmative: Subject + will be + verb-ing + object
Negative: Subject + will not be + verb-ing + object
Interrogative: Will + subject + be + verb-ing + object?
Usage:
1. Actions in progress at a future time:
This time tomorrow, I will be flying to London.
C. Future Perfect Tense
Structure:
Affirmative: Subject + will have + past participle + object
Negative: Subject + will not have + past participle + object
Interrogative: Will + subject + have + past participle + object?
Usage:
1. Actions completed before a future time:
By next year, she will have graduated.
D. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Structure:
Affirmative: Subject + will have been + verb-ing + object
Negative: Subject + will not have been + verb-ing + object
Interrogative: Will + subject + have been + verb-ing + object?
Usage:
1. Actions ongoing until a future point:
By noon, she will have been working for six hours.
(Key Points to Remember)
Simple tenses express general or habitual actions.
Continuous tenses focus on ongoing actions.
Perfect tenses show completed actions.
Perfect continuous tenses emphasize duration before a point in time.
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