Details information about International Standard Book Number (ISBN)
Introduction
An ISBN is an International Standard Book Number. ISBNs were 10 digits in length up to the end of December 2006, but since 1 January 2007 they now always consist of 13 digits. ISBNs are calculated using a specific mathematical formula and include a check digit to validate the number. The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a unique identifier for books, allowing for efficient cataloging, distribution, and sales tracking. It is an essential tool in the publishing industry, used by publishers, booksellers, libraries, and readers worldwide. This system helps to differentiate books from one another, even if they have similar titles or are part of a series.
This article will provide an in-depth explanation of ISBN, its structure, history, benefits, how to obtain one, and its impact on the publishing industry.
What is ISBN?
The ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is a unique numeric identifier assigned to books, e-books, and certain types of published materials. It is used globally to track, manage, and distribute books in bookstores, libraries, and online platforms. Each ISBN is unique to a particular book edition and format (e.g., hardcover, paperback, e-book). If a book is published in multiple formats, each version will receive a distinct ISBN. For example, a hardcover edition of a novel will have a different ISBN than its paperback or digital version.
History of ISBN
The ISBN system was created in 1967 by Gordon Foster, a professor of statistics at Trinity College, Dublin. Initially developed as the Standard Book Numbering (SBN) system in the United Kingdom, it was later adapted internationally. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) adopted the ISBN as an official standard in 1970, making it a global system. Since its adoption, ISBN has evolved with technological advancements. In 2007, ISBNs were expanded from 10 digits to 13 digits to accommodate the growing number of publications worldwide.
Structure of ISBN
The ISBN-13 format consists of five parts, each separated by hyphens. The structure is as follows:
Example ISBN-13: 978-1-4028-9462-6
1. Prefix Element (EAN)
The first 3 digits (978 or 979) indicate that the number belongs to the book industry.
These numbers are part of the European Article Number (EAN), which is used for barcodes.
2. Registration Group Identifier
This identifies the country, region, or language of the publisher.
Example:
- 0 or 1 – English-speaking countries (USA, UK, Canada, Australia)
- 2 – French-speaking countries
- 3 – German-speaking countries
- 7 – China
3. Registrant (Publisher) Identifier
This number is assigned to a specific publisher or publishing company.
Larger publishers may have shorter numbers, while smaller publishers may have longer ones.
4. Publication (Title) Identifier
This part identifies a specific book title, edition, or format.
Different formats of the same book (e.g., hardcover vs. paperback) have different title identifiers.
5. Check Digit
The final digit is a checksum, calculated mathematically to verify the ISBN’s validity.
It ensures there are no errors when inputting the ISBN into databases.
ISBN-10 vs. ISBN-13
Originally, ISBNs were 10 digits long. However, as the number of published books increased, the system needed more capacity. Therefore, in 2007, ISBNs were expanded to 13 digits.
Most modern books use the ISBN-13 format, though ISBN-10 can still be found in older publications.
Why is ISBN Important?
The ISBN number is used to identify any product and it is used by Book Publishers, Book Sellers, Libraries and Internet Book Suppliers. By ISBN number it is very easy to track bookselling records, Ordering Books, Listing Books and storage control. You can also visit the official website of ISBN for further information on ISBN numbers.
1. Identification and Cataloging
ISBNs uniquely identify books, preventing confusion between different editions, formats, or books with similar titles. Libraries, bookstores, and online platforms use ISBNs to catalog books efficiently.
2. Global Standardization
ISBNs ensure global consistency, making it easier for booksellers and distributors to manage inventory. Without an ISBN, books may be harder to track or distribute internationally.
3. Retail and Sales
Bookstores (both physical and online) require an ISBN to list a book for sale. Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and other platforms use ISBNs for inventory management.
4. Digital and Print Publishing
ISBNs are used for both print and digital books. Self-publishing authors on platforms like Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP) or Apple Books often need an ISBN for proper distribution.
5. Copyright and Legal Recognition
An ISBN helps authenticate a book’s publication. Some countries require an ISBN for legal deposit, ensuring that books are archived in national libraries.
How to Get an ISBN
1. Apply Through the ISBN Agency
Each country has a designated ISBN agency responsible for issuing ISBNs. Some notable agencies include:
- United States – Bowker (MyIdentifiers.com)
- United Kingdom – Nielsen ISBN Agency
- India – Raja Rammohun Roy National Agency
- Canada – Library and Archives Canada (free ISBNs)
2. Provide Book Details
Applicants must submit:
- Book title
- Author name
- Publisher details
- Format (hardcover, paperback, e-book)
- Estimated publication date
3. ISBN Assignment
Once approved, the agency provides a unique ISBN for each book format. The ISBN should be included in the book’s copyright page and barcode.
Cost of ISBN
Some countries offer free ISBNs (e.g., Canada, India).
Others require a fee, usually ranging from $10 to $150 per ISBN.
Publishers can buy ISBNs in bulk at discounted rates.
How to Use ISBN in Publishing
1. Print Books
The ISBN is placed on the copyright page and back cover. A barcode is generated using the ISBN for retail scanning.
2. E-Books
Many e-books require a separate ISBN for tracking and sales. Some platforms, like Amazon Kindle, offer their own ASIN (Amazon Standard Identification Number), but an ISBN is needed for broader distribution.
3. Audiobooks
Some ISBN agencies assign ISBNs to audiobooks, but they may also have separate identifiers.
Common Misconceptions About ISBN
1. ISBNs Are Mandatory
While ISBNs are essential for commercial sales, self-publishing authors may choose not to use one if they sell exclusively through Amazon (which assigns an ASIN).
2. One ISBN Works for All Formats
Each format (hardcover, paperback, e-book, audiobook) requires a separate ISBN.
3. ISBNs Expire
ISBNs do not expire and can be used indefinitely.
Conclusion
A separate ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a publication. For example, an ebook, audiobook, paperback, and hardcover edition of the same book must each have a different ISBN assigned to it. The ISBN is an essential part of the publishing industry, ensuring books are easily identifiable and trackable worldwide. Whether you are a publisher, author, bookseller, or librarian, understanding ISBNs helps in efficient book distribution and cataloging. For self-published authors, obtaining an ISBN can enhance a book’s credibility and availability across multiple platforms. While ISBNs come with certain costs and regulations, they ultimately help authors and publishers reach a global audience more efficiently. With digital and print publishing growing rapidly, the ISBN system remains a cornerstone of the book industry, ensuring that every book has a unique identity in the vast literary landscape.
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